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is a three-valued logic with values T, F, and B. It is similar to , with a different conditional operator. It can be considered as the glutty dual of .
Semantics
Truth Values
Common labels for the values include:
T |
1 |
just true |
B |
0.5 |
both true and false |
F |
0 |
just false |
Designated Values
The set of designated values for is: { T, B }
Truth Tables
The value of a sentence with a truth-functional operator is determined by the values of its operands according to the following tables.
| Negation | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ¬ | |||
| T | F | ||
| B | B | ||
| F | T | ||
| Conjunction | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ∧ | T | B | F |
| T | T | B | F |
| B | B | B | F |
| F | F | F | F |
| Disjunction | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ∨ | T | B | F |
| T | T | T | T |
| B | T | B | B |
| F | T | B | F |
| Conditional | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| → | T | B | F |
| T | T | F | F |
| B | T | B | F |
| F | T | T | T |
Defined Operators
The Biconditional ↔, in turn, is defined in the usual way:
| Biconditional | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ↔ | T | B | F |
| T | T | F | F |
| B | F | B | F |
| F | F | F | T |
The Material Conditional ⊃ is definable in terms of disjunction:
Likewise the Material Biconditional ≡ is defined in terms of ⊃ and ∧:
| Material Conditional | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ⊃ | T | B | F |
| T | T | B | F |
| B | T | B | B |
| F | T | T | T |
| Material Biconditional | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ≡ | T | B | F |
| T | T | B | F |
| B | B | B | B |
| F | F | B | T |
Compatibility Tables
does not have a separate Assertion operator, but we include a table and rules for it, for cross-compatibility.
| Assertion | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ⚬ | |||
| T | T | ||
| B | B | ||
| F | F | ||
Predication
A sentence with predicate P with parameters is assigned a value as follows:
- T iff is in the extension of P and not in the
anti-extension of P.
- F iff is in the anti-extension of P and not
in the extension of P.
- B iff is in both the extension and anti-extension
of P.
Quantification
Existential
The value of an existential sentence is the maximum value of the sentences that result from replacing each constant for the quantified variable. The ordering of the values from least to greatest is: F, N, B, T.
Universal
The value of an universal sentence is the minimum value of the sentences that result from replacing each constant for the quantified variable. The ordering of the values from least to greatest is: F, N, B, T.
Consequence
Logical Consequence is defined in terms of the set of designated values { T, B }:
Logical Consequence
C is a Logical Consequence of A iff all models where A has a desginated value are models where C also has a designated value.
Tableaux
tableaux are built similary to .
Nodes
Nodes for many-value tableaux consiste of a sentence plus a designation marker: ⊕ for designated, and ⊖ for undesignated.
Trunk
To build the trunk for an argument, add a designated node for each premise, and an undesignated node for the conclusion.
Closure
Rules
In general, rules for connectives consist of four rules per connective: a designated rule, an undesignated rule, a negated designated rule, and a negated undesignated rule. The special case of negation has a total of two rules which apply to double negation only, one designated rule, and one undesignated rule.
Operator Rules
¬ Rules
∧ Rules
∨ Rules
⊃ Rules
≡ Rules
→ Rules
↔ Rules
Quantifier Rules
∃ Rules
∀ Rules
Compatibility Rules
⚬ Rules
Notes
With the Conditional operator →, Modus Ponens (A, A → B ⊢ B) is valid in , which fails in .
The argument B, therefore A → B is invalid in , which is valid in .
References
Beall, Jc, et al. Possibilities and Paradox: An Introduction to Modal and Many-valued Logic. United Kingdom, Oxford University Press, 2003.
Further Reading
Belnap, N. D., McRobbie, M. A. Relevant Analytic Tableaux. Studia Logica, Vol. 38, No. 2. 1979.